Internet Freedom Fighters Build a Shadow Web (preview)

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Governments and corporations have more control over the Internet than ever. Now digital activists want to build an alternative network that can never be blocked, filtered or shut down

By Julian Dibbell ?| February 16, 2012?|

Image: Photograph by Dan Saelinger

In Brief

• The Internet was designed to be a decentralized system: every node should connect to many others. This design helped to make the system resistant to censorship or outside attack.
• Yet in practice, most individual users exist at the edges of the network, connected to others only through their Internet service provider (ISP). Block this link, and Internet access disappears.
• An alternative option is beginning to emerge in the form of wireless mesh networks, simple systems that connect end users to one another and automatically route around blocks and censors.
• Yet any mesh network needs to hit a critical mass of users before it functions well; developers must convince potential users to trade off ease of use for added freedom and privacy.

Just after midnight on January 28, 2011, the government of Egypt, rocked by three straight days of massive antiregime protests organized in part through Facebook and other online social networks, did something unprecedented in the history of 21st-century telecommunications: it turned off the Internet. Exactly how it did this remains unclear, but the evidence suggests that five well-placed phone calls?one to each of the country?s biggest Internet service providers (ISPs)?may have been all it took. At 12:12 a.m. Cairo time, network routing records show, the leading ISP, Telecom Egypt, began shutting down its customers? connections to the rest of the Internet, and in the course of the next 13 minutes, four other providers followed suit. By 12:40 a.m. the operation was complete. An estimated 93 percent of the Egyptian Internet was now unreachable. When the sun rose the next morning, the protesters made their way to Tahrir Square in almost total digital darkness.

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Huffman Trucking Telephony Systems | NY Essay

By admin on February 16, 2012

Huffman Trucking Telephony Systems
Sammy Shanks
University of Phoenix

Huffman Trucking is a national logistics and transportation services company that operates terminal hubs in Los Angeles, California, St. Louis, Missouri, and Bayonne, New Jersey, along with a central maintenance facility in Cleveland, Ohio. ? Each of the terminal hubs consist of both an office and a plant, and the maintenance facility is also the site of the corporate headquarters. ? The company?s voice communications needs are handled by various telephony systems installed at each location. ? Determining the specifications and services offered by these systems is somewhat difficult given the relatively small amount of information provided by the company through its corporate website and the published network diagrams of each location.

Types of Telephony Systems
Huffman?s network diagrams indicate that company uses both analog and digital telephony system technologies. ? The Los Angeles and Bayonne

hubs both appear to have dual POTS-based private branch exchange (PBX) systems installed on their respective networks, one to serve the office and the other for the plant facility. ? The Cleveland and St. Louis locations, on the other hand, have Avaya digital phone systems installed on their networks. ? These systems are assumed to be VoIP telephony servers, though some Avaya systems are configurable to serve as either traditional phone systems or IP telephony servers (Avaya, Inc., 2007). ?
The POTS-based PBX systems allow Huffman to set up multiple internal phone extensions to be routed through regular PSTN telephone lines, whereas the VoIP telephony servers enable the company?s calls to be digitized and transmitted via computer networks. ? Though the traditional PBX system is a well-established form of communications technology, the newer VoIP system is considered by its proponents to be more versatile than traditional PBX in that a single VoIP system can be setup to handle the calls of multiple?

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